UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

OR

For the transition period from                  to                 

Commission File Number: 001-38520

MeiraGTx Holdings plc

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (646) 490-2965

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address, and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of October 31, 2018, the registrant had 27,386,632 ordinary shares, $0.00003881 par value per share, outstanding.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report that do not relate to matters of historical fact should be considered forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding product pipeline, anticipated product benefits, goals and strategic priorities, product candidate development, growth expectations or targets and pre-clinical and clinical data, as well as statements that include the words “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “project,” “forecast,” “estimate,” “may,” “should,” “anticipate” and similar statements of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations. These statements are neither promises nor guarantees, but involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the important factors discussed under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report. These and other important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report. Any such forward-looking statements represent management’s estimates as of the date of this Quarterly Report. While we may elect to update such forward-looking statements at some point in the future, unless required by law, we disclaim any obligation to do so, even if subsequent events cause our views to change. Thus, one should not assume that our silence over time means that actual events are bearing out as expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this Quarterly Report.

Presentation of Information

On June 7, 2018, in connection with its initial public offering (the “IPO”), MeiraGTx Holdings plc, an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, acquired all of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of MeiraGTx Limited pursuant to a series of reorganization transactions (the “Reorganization Transactions”). Prior to the Reorganization Transactions, MeiraGTx Holdings plc had not conducted any operations and had nominal assets and liabilities.

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “Meira,” “we,” “us”, “our” and “the Company” refer to (i) MeiraGTx Limited and its subsidiaries prior to the Reorganization Transactions and (ii) MeiraGTx Holdings plc and its subsidiaries upon completion of the Reorganization Transactions, as applicable.

i

Table of Contents

ii

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

MEIRAGTX HOLDINGS PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

3

MEIRAGTX HOLDINGS PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(unaudited)

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

4

MEIRAGTX HOLDINGS PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED C SHARES AND SHAREHOLDERS’

EQUITY (DEFICIT)

AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

(unaudited)

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

5

MEIRAGTX HOLDINGS PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

6

MEIRAGTX HOLDINGS PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Company

MeiraGTx Holdings plc (the “Company” or “Meira Holdings”), a limited company under the laws of the Cayman Islands, is a clinical-stage biotech company developing novel gene therapy treatments for a wide range of inherited and acquired disorders for which there are no effective treatments available. The Company is focused on developing therapies for ocular diseases, including rare inherited blindness as well as Xerostomia following radiation treatment for head and neck cancers and neurodegenerative diseases such as amyothrophic lateral sclerosis (“ALS”) and Parkinson’s disease (“PD”).

Reorganization and Initial Public Offering

We commenced operations as MeiraGTx Limited, a private limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales in 2015. On May 28, 2018, the Board of Directors of MeiraGTx Limited approved the Reorganization Transactions, effective June 7, 2018, pursuant to which the Board of Directors approved the transfer of the shares held by each of the MeiraGTx Limited’s shareholders for the equivalent class and number of shares issued by Meira Holdings. On June 7, 2018, the Company completed its IPO, selling 5,000,000 ordinary shares (“Ordinary Shares”) at a public offering price of $15.00 per share, and receiving $65.3 million in net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us.

Reverse Share Split

On June 7, 2018 MeiraGTx Limited’s Board of Directors and shareholders approved a 1:3.881 reverse share split. All share information presented in these financial statements and accompanying footnotes have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the decreased number of shares resulting from this action.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative United States generally accepted accounting principles as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

Interim Financial Statements

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles for complete consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, the condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) necessary in order to make the condensed consolidated financial statements not misleading. Operating results for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the final results that may be expected for the year ended December 31, 2018. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017 and the notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2017 included in the Company’s final prospectus that forms a part of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Reg. No. 333-224914), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) on June 8, 2018 (the “Prospectus”).

Liquidity

The Company has not generated any revenues and has not yet achieved profitable operations. There is no assurance that profitable operations, if ever achieved, could be sustained on a continuing basis. In addition, development activities, clinical and preclinical testing, and commercialization of the Company’s product candidates will require significant additional financing. Management expects to incur substantial and increasing losses in future periods. The success of the Company is subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including among others, uncertainty of product development; competition in the Company’s field of use; uncertainty of capital availability; uncertainty in the Company’s ability to enter into agreements with collaborative partners; dependence on third parties; and dependence on key personnel. The Company has not generated positive cash flows from operations, and there are no assurances that the Company will be successful in obtaining an adequate level of financing for the development and commercialization of its product candidates.

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As of September 30, 2018, the Company had cash and cash equivalents in the amount of $88,560,634, which consisted of depository accounts. The Company estimates that its cash and cash equivalents on hand at September 30, 2018 will cover its expenses into the second quarter of 2020.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company operates in an industry that is subject to intense competition, government regulation and rapid technological change. The Company’s operations are subject to significant risk and uncertainties including financial, operational, technological, regulatory and other risks, including the potential risk of business failure.

The Company’s limited capital resources and operations to date have been funded primarily with the proceeds from private equity offerings and the IPO. In the future, the Company may seek to raise additional capital through equity offerings, debt financings, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements or other sources to enable it to complete the development and potential commercialization of its product candidates.

Certain of the Company’s significant accounting policies are described below. All of the Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in the notes to the audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017 included in the Company’s Prospectus. Since the date of such financial statements, the Company has adopted the new accounting pronouncements which are disclosed further in this note.

Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Meira Holdings and its wholly owned subsidiaries:

MeiraGTx Limited, a limited company under the laws of England and Wales (“Meira Limited);

MeiraGTx, LLC, a Delaware corporation (“Meira LLC”);

BRI-Alzan, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“BRI-Alzan”);

MeiraGTx B.V., a Netherlands corporation (“Meira BV”);

MeiraGTx UK II Limited, (“Meira UK II”), a limited company under the laws of England and Wales; and

MeiraGTx UK Limited (“Meira UK”), a limited company under the laws of England and Wales.

All intercompany balances and transactions between the consolidated companies have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

Management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and controls, and in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. In addition, other factors may affect estimates, including expected business and operational changes, sensitivity and volatility associated with the assumptions used in developing estimates, and whether historical trends are expected to be representative of future trends. The estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates of the ultimate future outcomes and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. This process may result in actual results differing materially from those estimated amounts used in the preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements if these results differ from historical experience, or other assumptions do not turn out to be substantially accurate, even if such assumptions are reasonable when made. In preparing these condensed consolidated financial statements, management used significant estimates in the following areas, among others: valuation of A ordinary shares (“ A Ordinary Shares”) issued prior to the Company’s initial public offering, for the acquisition of assets, the accounting for research and development costs, warrants, share-based compensation, asset retirement obligations and accrued expenses.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid upon transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and in the principal or most advantageous market for that asset or liability. The fair value should be calculated based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, not on assumptions specific to the entity. In addition, the fair value of liabilities should include consideration of non-performance risk including our own credit risk.

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The Company follows ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, or ASC 820, for application to financial assets and liabilities. In addition to defining fair value, the standard expands the disclosure requirements around fair value and establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three levels based on the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market. Each fair value measurement is reported in one of the three levels which are determined by the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. These levels are:

The table below represents the values of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

The table below represents a rollforward of the assets and liabilities that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis from December 31, 2017 to September 30, 2018:

The warrants were classified as liabilities because the underlying Convertible Preferred C Shares (the “Preferred Shares”) had a redemption feature in the event of a change of control of the Company. On June 5, 2018, the warrants were exercised at which time the warrant liability was determined to be $4,194,408, which represented the difference in the market value of the Preferred Shares and the exercise price of the warrants. This resulted in an increase of the warrant liability in the amount of $1,514,775 for the nine- month period ended September 30, 2018. The related warrant liability of $4,194,408 was reclassified as Capital in Excess of Nominal Value at such time.

The fair values of the warrants at June 4, 2018, March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were estimated using the Black-Scholes valuation model with the following assumptions:

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For the unobservable inputs for the warrants, the expected volatility was determined at each measurement date by taking an average of the volatility of other publicly-traded peer biotechnology companies. The expected life was determined at each measurement date based upon the Company’s estimate of the time until the Company has a conversion event.

The fair value of the Preferred Shares was based upon recent issuances of the Company’s Preferred Shares on or about December 31, 2017, March 31, 2018 and June 5, 2018.

Net Loss per Ordinary Share

Basic net loss per Ordinary Share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of the Company’s Ordinary Shares assumed to be outstanding during the period of computation. Diluted net loss per ordinary share is computed similar to basic net loss per share except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional Ordinary Shares that would have been outstanding if the potential Ordinary Shares had been issued at the beginning of the year and if the additional Ordinary Shares were dilutive (treasury stock method) or the two-class method, whichever is more dilutive. For all periods presented, basic and diluted net loss per Ordinary Share are the same, as any additional Ordinary Share equivalents would be anti-dilutive.

Asset Retirement Obligation

Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations requires legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-lived assets to be recognized at fair value when incurred and capitalized as part of the related long-lived asset. In the absence of quoted market prices, the Company estimates the fair value of its asset retirement obligations using Level 3 present value techniques, in which estimates of future cash flows associated with retirement activities are discounted using a credit-adjusted risk-free rate. Asset retirement obligations currently reported as other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet were measured during a period of historically low interest rates. The impact on measurements of new asset retirement obligations using different rates in the future may be significant.

The Company uses estimates to determine the amount of the asset retirement obligations at the end of the lease term and discounts such asset retirement obligations using an estimated discount rate. Interest on the discounted asset retirement obligation is amortized over the term of the lease using the effective interest method and is recorded as interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The change in asset retirement obligations is as follows:

Research and Development

Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred. These costs include, but are not limited to, employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and travel of the Company’s research and development personnel; expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations and investigative sites that conduct clinical and preclinical studies and manufacture the drug product for the clinical studies and preclinical activities; acquisition of in-process research and development; facilities; supplies; rent, insurance, certain legal fees, stock-based compensation, depreciation and other costs associated with clinical and preclinical activities and regulatory operations. Refundable research and development tax credits received are recorded as an offset to these costs.

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Costs for certain development activities, such as Company funded outside research programs, are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks with respect to their actual costs incurred. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual arrangements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and are reflected in the condensed financial statements as prepaid expenses or accrued expenses, as the case may be.

Segment Information

Management has concluded it has a single reporting segment for purposes of reporting financial condition and results of operations.

The following table summarizes non-current assets by geographical area:

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which simplifies the accounting for share-based payments granted to nonemployees for goods and services. The ASU supersedes ASC 505-50 and expands the scope of ASC 718 to include all share-based payment arrangements related to the acquisition of goods and services from both nonemployees and employees. As a result, most of the guidance in ASC 718 associated with employee share-based payments, including most of its requirements related to classification and measurement, applies to nonemployee share-based payment arrangements. ASU 2018-07 generally requires an entity to use a modified retrospective transition approach, with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption, for all (1) liability-classified nonemployee awards that have not been settled as of the adoption date and (2) equity-classified nonemployee awards for which a measurement date has not been established. The guidance is applicable to public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted, and the Company adopted ASU No. 2018-07 on July 1, 2018, which did not have a material effect on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805), Clarifying the Definition of a Business, or ASU 2017-01, that clarifies the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. ASU 2017-01 requires an entity to evaluate if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired or disposed of is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets; if so, the set of transferred assets and activities is not a business. ASU 2017-01 also requires a business to include at least an input and one substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create output and removes the evaluation of whether a market participant could replace missing elements. ASU 2017-01 should be applied prospectively and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those annual periods. The adoption of ASU 2017-01 on January 1, 2018 did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In December 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-20, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASU 2016-20, that allows entities not to disclose variable consideration allocated to performance obligations related to either: (1) sales—or usage -based royalties on licenses of intellectual property or (2) variable consideration allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation when certain criteria are met. ASU 2016-20 also requires entities that use any of the new or previously existing optional exemptions to expand their qualitative disclosures. It also makes 12 additional technical corrections and improvements to the new revenue standard, ASU 2014-09. The amendments have the same effective date and transition requirements as ASU 2014-09. The adoption of ASU 2016-20 did not have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In November 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Restricted Cash (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force), or ASU 2016-18, which changes the presentation of the cash flow statement to include amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents, together with cash and cash equivalents, when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 also requires additional disclosures concerning the nature of the restrictions on cash and cash equivalents and a reconciliation between amounts of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash on the balance sheet and statement of cash flows for each period presented. ASU 2016-18 will be applied retrospectively to all periods presented and is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption

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is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. Prior to adoption, the Company presented changes in restricted cash as an operating activity in the statement of cash flows. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018, such changes are now reflected in the beginning and ending balances of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash for all periods presented.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory, or ASU 2016-16 which requires that an entity recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of assets other than inventory when the transfer occurs. The guidance must be applied using the modified retrospective basis. The Company does not expect the provisions of ASU 2016-16 to have a material impact on its current financial statements. This update will be effective for the Company at the beginning of fiscal 2019.

In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, or ASU 2016-12, which amends guidance in the new revenue standard, ASU No. 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), or ASU 2014-09, on collectability, noncash consideration, presentation of sales tax and transition. The amendments in ASU 2016-12 are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 (i.e., January 1, 2018), including interim periods within those reporting periods, which is the same as for ASU 2014-09, as amended by ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, or ASU 2015-14. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, or ASU 2016-10, which clarifies the principle for determining whether a good or service is “separately identifiable” from other promises in the contract and, therefore, should be accounted for as a separate performance obligation. In that regard, ASU 2016-10 requires that an entity determine whether its promise is to transfer individual goods or services to the customer, or a combined item (or items) to which the individual goods and services are inputs. In addition, ASU 2016-10 categorizes intellectual property, or IP, into two categories: “functional” and “symbolic.” Functional IP has significant standalone functionality. All other IP is considered symbolic IP. Revenue from licenses of functional IP is generally recognized at a point in time, while revenue from licenses of symbolic IP is recognized over time. ASU 2016-10 has the same effective date and transition requirements as ASU 2014-09, as amended by ASU 2015-14. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net), or ASU 2016-08, which clarifies the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations contained in ASU 2014-09 by specifying that the determination as to whether an entity that is involved in providing a good or a service to a customer is a principal or an agent is based upon whether the entity controls the good or the service before it is transferred to the customer. ASU 2016-08 has the same effective date and transition requirements as ASU 2014-09, as amended by ASU 2015-14. The adoption of these ASU’s on January 1, 2018 did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The FASB issued the update to require the recognition of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet of lessees. The standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within such fiscal years. The ASU requires a modified retrospective transition method with the option to elect a package of practical expedients. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of the adoption of this standard on its consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows and related disclosures.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or ASU 2014-09, which provides a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers. The core principal of ASU 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue when it transfers control of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017 for public companies and December 15, 2018 for non-public companies. The Company is allowed to adopt ASU 2014-09 either (1) retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented using several practical expedients related to completed contracts and required disclosures, or (2) using a modified retrospective approach, with the cumulative effect of initially applying ASU 2014-09 recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings of the annual reporting period that includes the date of initial application, including disclosure of the effect of using this method of adoption on the financial statement line items. Because the Company has no contracts with customers, the adoption of ASU 2014-09 on January 1, 2018 did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

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Accrued expenses for the periods presented are comprised of the following:

2018 and 2016 Equity Incentive Plans

The Company maintains the 2018 Incentive Award Plan and 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (together, the “Plans”), under which, the Company has granted share options to selected officers, employees and non-employee consultants. The Company’s board of directors administer the Plans. Options granted under the Plans have a maximum contractual term of ten years. Options granted to employees and consultants generally vest 25% on the first anniversary date of grant and the balance ratably over the next 36 months. Options granted to directors generally vest on the first anniversary date of grant. Upon the adoption of the 2018 Incentive Award Plan, the Company ceased issuing awards under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan.

A summary of the Company’s share option activity related to employees, non-employee members of the board of directors and non-employee consultants as of and for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018 is as follows:

The total fair value of options vested during the three-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $503,828 and $41,309, respectively.

The total fair value of options vested during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $1,060,177 and $800,599, respectively.

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During the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company granted 695,685 and 610,645 share options. The grant date fair values of the share options granted were estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following ranges of assumptions:

As of September 30, 2018, the total compensation expense relating to unvested options granted that had not yet been recognized was $6,407,369, which is expected to be realized over a period of 3.96 years. The Company will issue shares upon exercise of options from Ordinary Shares reserved.

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $4.46 and $2.79, respectively.

Restricted Ordinary Shares

In 2015, in connection with certain service and consulting agreements, certain employees and a consultant were awarded an aggregate of 867,935 restricted Ordinary Shares of the Company. Such shares were subject to forfeiture over a three-year service period. The shares granted to the consultant and employees were valued at $7.72 and $7.76 per share, respectively, and were included in loss from operations over the requisite service period. As of September 30, 2018, all such shares are no longer subject to forfeiture as the three-year service period has been completed.

On June 7, 2018, 1,306,348 restricted Ordinary Shares, which represented 5% of the fully-diluted outstanding shares of the Company as of such date, were issued to certain members of senior management in accordance with their employment agreements. One-third of such shares vested immediately, with the balance vesting quarterly over the next eight quarters beginning three months after the effectiveness of the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on June 7, 2018 (the “Registration Statement”). The shares were valued at $15.00 per share and the related share-based compensation expense, which is recognized over the requisite service period, is included in general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Additionally, under the terms of the employment agreements, the Company was required to pay the income taxes incurred by the grantees in connection with the grant of those restricted shares. Total compensation expense in connection with the issuance of those restricted Ordinary Shares, in the amount of $3,405,274, of which $1,992,182 was share-based, was recorded as general and administrative expense during the three-month period ended September 30, 2018. Total compensation expense in connection with the issuance of those restricted Ordinary Shares, in the amount of $17,026,140, of which $8,523,932 was share-based, was recorded as general and administrative expense during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018.

A summary of the restricted Ordinary Shares is as follows:

Ordinary Shares

On March 1, 2018, a funding milestone was met under the employment agreements for certain members of senior management. Accordingly, the employees were issued an aggregate of 550,162 fully vested Ordinary Shares, which represented 3% of the fully-diluted outstanding shares of the Company as of such date. The shares were recorded as share-based compensation in the amount of $3,096,104. Additionally, under the terms of the employment agreements, the Company was required to pay the income taxes incurred by the grantees in connection with the grant of those shares. Total compensation expense in connection with the issuance of those Ordinary Shares, in the amount of $6,456,215, of which $3,096,104 was share-based, was recorded as general and administrative expense during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018.

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During the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 the Company recognized total share-based compensation expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows:

The Company does not expect to realize any tax benefits from its share option activity or the recognition of share-based compensation expense because the Company currently has net operating losses and has a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. Accordingly, no amounts related to excess tax benefits have been reported in cash flows from operations or cash flows from financing activities for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

Ordinary Shares

As discussed in Note 4, on March 1, 2018, a funding milestone was met under the employment agreements for certain members of senior management. Accordingly, the employees were issued an aggregate of 550,162 fully vested Ordinary Shares.

In connection with the Company’s initial public offering, on June 7, 2018, the Company issued 5,000,000 Ordinary Shares at an offering price of $15.00 per share for gross proceeds of $75,000,000, excluding offering costs of $9,675,735.

Also, as discussed in Note 4, on June 7, 2018, upon the effectiveness of the Company’s Registration Statement, 1,306,348 restricted Ordinary Shares, which represented 5% of the fully-diluted outstanding shares of the Company as of such date, were issued to certain members of senior management in accordance with their employment agreements. One-third of such shares vested immediately, with the balance vesting quarterly over the next eight quarters.

Warrants

On June 5, 2018, all of the outstanding warrants to purchase 927,594 Preferred Shares at an exercise price of approximately $10.48 per share were exercised for aggregate cash proceeds of $9,720,000.

Convertible Preferred C Shares

During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018, the Company issued 5,425,124 Preferred Shares at an offering price of approximately $10.48 per share for gross proceeds of $56,849,592, excluding offering costs of $690,473.

Also, during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018, the Company issued 129,419 Preferred Shares in lieu of payment of accounts payable in the aggregate amount $1,356,129 to certain vendors.

On March 15, 2018, the Company issued 13,360 Preferred Shares in connection with a license agreement.

On June 7, 2018, upon effectiveness of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, all of the 11,501,432 outstanding Preferred Shares were automatically converted into 11,501,432 Ordinary Shares. In connection with the conversion of the Preferred Shares, $664,718 of unaccredited financing costs were fully accreted.

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The Company computes net loss per share in accordance with ASC 260-10, Earnings per Share (see Note 2).

Basic and diluted net loss per ordinary share is computed as follows:

The following securities are considered to be Ordinary Share equivalents, but were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per Ordinary Share because to do so would have been anti-dilutive:

The Company did not record a provision for income taxes for the three-months and nine-months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, as the Company has generated losses for all periods.

The Company periodically evaluates the realizability of its net deferred tax assets based on all available evidence, both positive and negative. The realization of net deferred tax assets is dependent on the Company’s ability to generate sufficient future taxable income during periods prior to the expiration of tax attributes to fully utilize these assets. The Company weighed both positive and negative evidence and determined that there is a continued need for a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets in the United States and United Kingdom as of September 30, 2018. Should the Company determine that it would be able to realize its remaining deferred tax assets in the foreseeable future, an adjustment to its remaining deferred tax assets would cause a material increase to income in the period such determination is made.

Transition Services Agreement

Effective April 24, 2015, the Company entered into a three-year transition services agreement (the “TSA”) with Kadmon, which is a minority shareholder of the Company, whereby Kadmon would provide office and laboratory facilities as well as certain other personnel support activities to the Company. Under the agreement, the Company was charged for (i) rent based upon the square footage of the office and laboratory facilities used by the Company (ii) other personnel support activities based upon the hours of the personnel providing the support activities, and (iii) and other direct costs incurred by Kadmon on behalf of the Company, plus a 7% administrative fee. The TSA terminated on April 24, 2018 and the Company is currently leasing office space on a month to month basis from Kadmon.

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During the three-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company incurred the following charges from Kadmon, which are included in loss from operations:

During the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company incurred the following charges from Kadmon, which are included in loss from operations:

During the three-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company made cash payments totaling $140,954 and $0, respectively, to Kadmon.

During the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company made cash payments totaling $1,284,258 and $275,941, respectively, to Kadmon.

The amount due to Kadmon at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is $0 and $861,030, respectively and is disclosed as Due to Kadmon on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Research Agreement

Effective October 23, 2016, the Company entered into a four-year master services agreement with UCL Consultants Limited, an entity affiliated with University College of London (“UCL”), which is a shareholder of the Company. Pursuant to the agreement, UCL Consultants Limited provides pre-clinical research and development under the direction of the Company. In connection with the agreement, the Company issued several work orders during the year ended December 31, 2017 in the aggregate amount of £241,053, or approximately $311,000, based upon the average exchange rate during the year ended December 31, 2017. Either party may terminate the agreement by giving 30 days written notice.

Total research and development expenses under this agreement for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were approximately $137,000 and $112,000, respectively.

Total research and development expenses under this agreement for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $509,000 and $334,000, respectively.

Future obligations, under the agreement equal £695,321, or approximately $905,934, through October 2020.

The amount due to UCL under the master services agreement at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is $484,408 and $775,315, respectively, and is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Manufacturing Agreement

Effective September 1, 2016, the Company entered into a manufacturing and drug supply agreement with UCL. Pursuant to the agreement, UCL manufactured materials for the Company’s clinical trials under the direction of the Company. Either party could terminate the agreement by giving 30 days written notice. The agreement was terminated in January 2018.

Total research and development expenses under this agreement for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $0 and $567,150, respectively.

Total research and development expenses under this agreement for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $0 and $1,609,668, respectively.

The amount due to UCL under the manufacturing and drug supply agreement at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is $0 and $2,466,142, respectively, and is included in accrued expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

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License Agreement

Effective March 15, 2018, the Company entered into an exclusive worldwide license agreement with UCL Business, PLC (“UCL Business”), to develop up to eight programs using certain ocular gene therapy technology. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company has agreed to pay UCL Business certain sales milestone payments, if achieved, in the aggregate amount of £39.8 million, or approximately $51.9 million using the exchange rate at September 30, 2018, and royalties on net sales, as defined upon commercialization. Additionally, the Company is responsible for all patent prosecution and maintenance costs incurred and has also agreed to pay UCL Business an annual maintenance fee of £50,000, or approximately $66,000, until the first commercial sale of a product. The agreement will terminate upon the later of (i) the last valid claim in a relevant product, (ii) the expiration of regulatory exclusivity to all licensed products, or (iii) the 10^th anniversary of the first commercial sale of a product.

The Company did not incur any research and development expenses under the agreement during the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

Leases

December 2016 Lease

Effective December 15, 2016, the Company entered into a non-cancellable operating lease with ARE, expiring on October 31, 2032, for laboratory and office facilities in New York. ARE is an entity that is under common control by an entity that is a minority shareholder of the Company and whose CEO is a director of the Company. The lease provided for monthly base rent, including rent escalations, property management fees and rent holidays, plus operating expenses during the lease term. The Company recorded monthly rent expense on a straight-line basis from December 15, 2016 through October 31, 2032. On October 26, 2017, the lease was amended, whereby the lease would terminate on March 31, 2018 and only base rent and management fees in the aggregate amount of $563,507 would be due from November 1, 2017 through March 31, 2018. Under the amendment, the Company issued a note to ARE in the amount of $1,442,009, removed the balance of the deferred rent and accrued the future rent payments, all of which were recorded as rent expense at the time of the amendment, in accordance with ASC 420, Exit and Disposal Activities, as the Company had a cease use date as of the date of the amendment. The balance of deferred lease obligation, representing the difference between cash rent paid and straight-line rent expense, was $0 as of December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2018.

Total rent expense under this operating lease was $0 and $390,903 for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Total rent expense under this operating lease was $0 and $1,172,709 for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

On October 26, 2017, in connection with the amendment to the lease, the Company issued a promissory note in the amount of $1,442,009 to ARE. The note accrued interest at the rate of 5% per annum and was due on December 31, 2018. However, if the Company had sufficient liquidity, as defined in the note, then the note, including accrued interest, would become due and payable at that time. In accordance with the sufficient liquidity provision, the Company repaid the note, plus accrued interest, in the aggregate amount of $1,472,433 during the three-month period ended March 31, 2018.

The Company recorded interest expense of $0 and $30,424 for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018.

July 2016 Lease

Effective July 1, 2016, the Company entered into a non-cancellable operating lease for laboratory and related office facilities in New York with ARE. The lease provides for monthly base rent and property management fees, including rent escalations and rent holidays, plus operating expenses during the lease term, which expires on December 31, 2021. The Company records monthly rent expense on a straight-line basis from July 1, 2016 through December 31, 2021. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the balance of deferred rent, representing the difference between cash rent paid and straight-line rent expense, was $210,993 and $231,276, respectively.

Total rent expense under this operating lease was $121,888 and $121,889 for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Total rent expense under this operating lease was $365,668 and $365,669 for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

As of September 30, 2018, the aggregate future minimum rental payments under this lease are $1,795,570.

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In connection with the signing of this lease, the Company entered into a standby letter of credit agreement for $122,866, which serves as a security deposit for the premises. The standby letter of credit expires on July 7, 2017 and is automatically renewed annually through July 7, 2021. This standby letter of credit is secured with restricted cash in a money market account.

The aggregate future minimum rental payments under this lease are as follow:

On September 7, 2018, the Company entered into an exclusive licensing agreement with the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) for worldwide rights to expanded indications for use of AAV-AQP1 for treatment of xerostomia (dry mouth) and xerophthalmia (dry eye) associated with Sjögren’s syndrome. This agreement expands the Company’s original exclusive licensing agreement with the NIH for exclusive worldwide rights to AAV-AQP1 that was executed as of November 9, 2017. AAV-AQP1 is currently in Phase 1/2 development for treatment of grade 2 or 3 radiation-induced xerostomia.

On July 27, 2018 two leases for office and laboratory facilities in London, UK expired. Effective July 27, 2018, the Company entered into two new non-cancellable operating leases for the same office and laboratory facilities in London. The leases provide for annual base rent in the aggregate amount of approximately $363,000, plus operating expenses, through May 31, 2022, at which time the annual base rent will be revalued based on market rates at that time. The leases expire on May 24, 2027.

The aggregate future minimum rental payments under these leases are as follow:

Management has evaluated subsequent events through the date of this filing. Based on our evaluation, the following disclosures have been made:

On October 5, 2018, the Company entered into an agreement to acquire Vector Neurosciences Inc. (“Vector”) pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) by and among the Company, Vector, VN Acquisition, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub 1”), VN Acquisition 2, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub 2”), the Vector stockholders named therein and the Vector stockholder representative, pursuant to which Merger Sub 1 was merged with and into Vector, with Vector being the surviving corporation (“Merger 1”) and, immediately following Merger 1, Vector was merged with and into Merger Sub 2, with Merger Sub 2 being the surviving corporation (together with Merger 1, the “Merger”). As a result of the Merger, Vector is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. The Company’s board of directors, Vector’s board of directors and Vector’s stockholders have, in each case, unanimously approved the Merger, the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement. The merger consideration to Vector’s stockholders consists of 225,000 shares of the Company’s Ordinary Shares as initial merger consideration, consisting of 202,500 shares which were issued at the closing of the Merger and an additional 22,500 shares to be issued 18 months following the closing, subject to any indemnification claims under the Merger Agreement. Based on the closing price of the Company’s Ordinary Shares on October 5, 2018, the value of the initial merger consideration is approximately $3.0 million. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Company will issue to Vector’s stockholders additional Ordinary Shares equal to a maximum value of $21 million if specified regulatory milestones are met and will make royalty payment to Vector’s stockholders in an amount equal to a percentage of the value of sales of certain products developed based on the Vector assets, which royalty payments are also payable in Ordinary Shares. The number of Ordinary Shares to be issued in connection with such milestones and royalties will be

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based on the three-day average closing price of the Company’s Ordinary Shares immediately prior to the date of determination of the value of the payment. As a result of the acquisition, the Company has expanded its portfolio of clinical stage product candidates to include adeno-associated virus encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase (AAV-GAD), a gene therapy product candidate ready for continued Phase 2 clinical development for Parkinson’s disease. A prior Phase 2 clinical trial of AAV-GAD was completed and was the first successful randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of its kind for a gene therapy product candidate targeting a brain disorder.

On October 9, 2018, the Company entered into a research collaboration agreement with Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Janssen”), one of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, to develop regulatable gene therapy treatment using the Company’s proprietary riboswitch technology. As part of the agreement, the Company will use its proprietary riboswitch technology to engineer regulatable gene therapy constructs encoding proprietary gene sequences from Janssen.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of financial condition and operating results together with our financial statements and related notes appearing in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and those included in our final prospectus that forms a part of the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 (Reg. No. 333-224914), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) on June 8, 2018 (the “Prospectus”). Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in the Quarterly Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many important factors, including those set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. For convenience of presentation some of the numbers have been rounded in the text below. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations to the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to (i) MeiraGTx Limited and its subsidiaries prior to the Reorganization Transactions and (ii) MeiraGTx Holdings plc and its subsidiaries upon completion of the Reorganization Transactions, as applicable.

Overview

We are a vertically integrated, clinical stage gene therapy company with four ongoing clinical programs and a broad pipeline of preclinical and research programs. We have core capabilities in viral vector design and optimization, gene therapy manufacturing as well as a potentially transformative gene regulation technology. We have taken a portfolio approach by licensing, acquiring and developing technologies that give us depth across both product candidates and indications. Though initially focusing on the eye, salivary gland and central nervous system, we intend to expand our focus in the future to develop additional gene therapy treatments for patients suffering from a range of serious diseases.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands in 2018, and prior to that, we commenced operations as MeiraGTx Limited, a private limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales in 2015. Our discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Since our formation, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to developing our technology platform, establishing our viral vector manufacturing facility and developing manufacturing processes, advancing the product candidates in our ophthalmology, salivary gland and neurodegenerative disease programs, building our intellectual property portfolio, organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. In 2016, we completed the acquisition of assets held by BRI-Alzan, Inc., a Delaware corporation, including a worldwide license agreement to develop certain preclinical technology for the treatment of ALS. In October 2018, we completed the acquisition of Vector Neurosciences, Inc., a Delaware Corporation including the AAV-GAD gene therapy program which had completed a randomized, sham-controlled Phase 2 study for treatment of Parkinson’s disease. To date, we have financed our operations primarily with cash on hand and proceeds from the sales of our Convertible Preferred C Shares (“Preferred Shares”) and ordinary shares (“Ordinary Shares”). Through September 30, 2018, we received gross proceeds of approximately $175.6 million from sales of our Ordinary and Preferred Shares. As of September 30, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of $88.6 million.

We are a clinical stage company and have not generated any product revenues to date. We have five clinical programs and a pipeline of preclinical programs. Since inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our net losses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were $15.4 million and $8.4 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were $61.8 million and $22.4 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of $127.2 million. We do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any products for several years, if at all.

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We expect our operating expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing development activities related to our product candidates. We anticipate that our expenses will increase due to costs associated with our clinical development program targeting in achromatopsia due to mutations in the CNGB3 or CNGA3 gene, inherited retinal dystrophy caused by mutations in RPE65, or RPE65-deficiency, and X-Linked retinitis pigmentosa, or XLRP. In addition, we expect to incur increasing costs associated with our clinical activities for hAQP1 for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia and xerostomia (dry mouth) and xerophthalmia (dry eye) associated with Sjögren’s syndrome. We are currently evaluating potential next steps for clinical development of AAV-GAD, which remains pending future discussions with regulatory agencies. We also expect to incur expenses related to research activities in additional therapeutic areas to expand our pipeline, hiring additional personnel in manufacturing, research, clinical trials, quality and other functional areas, and associated cash and share-based compensation expense, as well as the further development of internal manufacturing capabilities and capacity and other associated costs including the management of our intellectual property portfolio.

As a result of these anticipated expenditures, we will require additional capital, which we may raise through equity offerings, debt financings, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements or other sources to enable us to complete the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. Furthermore, we expect to incur additional costs associated with being a public company. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative effect on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy. In addition, attempting to secure additional financing may divert the time and attention of our management from day-to-day activities and harm our product candidate development efforts. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate certain of our research and development programs.

Based on our current cash and cash equivalents, we estimate that such funds will be sufficient to enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the second quarter of 2020. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.” Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development of our product candidates, any future product candidates, our platform and technology and because the extent to which we may enter into collaborations with third parties for development of any of our product candidates is unknown, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenses associated with completing the research and development of our product candidates. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Adequate additional funds may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a shareholder. Any future debt financing or preferred equity or other financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends and may require the issuance of warrants, which could potentially dilute your ownership interests.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce, or terminate our product development programs or any future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

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Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with drug development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate revenue from product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

Clinical Development Highlights

AAV-CNGB3: Treated two additional pediatric patients in the extension phase of the Phase 1/2 study, bringing the total number of patients treated to sixteen (eleven adults and five pediatrics). We anticipate completing dosing of the pediatric extension phase in 2018.

AAV-RPGR: Completed dose escalation phase of the Phase 1/2 study, bringing the total number treated to ten patients. We expect to initiate dosing in the pediatric extension phase of the study in 2018.

AAV-RPE65: Dosing in the Phase 1/2 clinical study was completed in the second quarter of 2018. A total of nine adults were treated in three escalating dose cohorts. Six pediatric patients were treated in the pediatric extension arm of the study.

AAV-CNGA3: cGMP manufacturing of clinical material is ongoing in our manufacturing facility. We anticipate release in the next few months with the initiation of the treatment study in early 2019.

Natural History Studies: We continue to enroll patients in the achromatopsia, XLRP and RPE65 long-term natural history studies in Europe and the US, and our long-term follow-up studies in each indication.

Regulatory Highlights

Received Orphan Drug Designation from FDA for Achromatopsia Treatment (AAV-CNGA3): On August 7, 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted orphan drug designation for our AAV-CNGA3 gene therapy product candidate for the treatment of achromatopsia caused by mutations in the CNGA3 gene.

Received Fast Track Designation from FDA for Achromatopsia Treatment (AAV-CNGB3): On August 16, 2018, the FDA granted Fast Track designation for our AAV-CNGB3 gene therapy product candidate for the treatment of achromatopsia caused by mutations in the CNGB3 gene.

Received Rare Pediatric Disease Designation from FDA for Achromatopsia Treatment (AAV-CNGA3): On August 21, 2018, the Offices of Orphan Products Development and Pediatric Therapeutics of the FDA granted rare pediatric disease designation for our AAV-CNGA3 gene therapy product candidate for the treatment of achromatopsia caused by mutations in the CNGA3 gene.

Corporate Highlights

Entered Into an Exclusive Licensing Agreement with the National Institute of Health (“NIH”): On September 7, 2018, we entered into an exclusive licensing agreement with the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, a division of the NIH, for gene therapy treatment of Sjögren’s syndrome and associated xerostomia (dry mouth) or xerophthalmia (dry eye). Under the agreement, we will receive worldwide rights to adeno-associated virus vector mediated gene delivery of aquaporin-1, designed AAV-AQP1, for Sjögren’s syndrome patients with associated xerostomia or xerophthalmia.

Completed Acquisition of Vector Neurosciences, Inc.: On October 5, 2018, we acquired Vector Neurosciences Inc. (“Vector”) in an all-stock transaction. As a result of the acquisition, we have expanded our portfolio of clinical stage product candidates to include adeno-associated virus encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase (AAV-GAD), a gene therapy product candidate ready for continued Phase 2 clinical development for Parkinson’s disease. A prior Phase 2 clinical trial of AAV-GAD was completed and was the first successful randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial of its kind for a gene therapy product candidate targeting a brain disorder.

Entered Into a Research Collaboration Agreement with Janssen: On October 9, 2018, we entered into a research collaboration agreement with Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., one of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, involving our proprietary riboswitch technology in gene regulation. As part of the agreement, we will use our proprietary riboswitch technology to engineer regulatable gene therapy constructs encoding proprietary gene sequences from Janssen. Evaluation of the performance of these constructs will determine the utility of this approach in future product development.

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Components of Our Results of Operations

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses since inception have consisted primarily of general and administrative costs and research and development costs.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other related costs, including share-based compensation, for personnel in our executive, finance, business development and administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include legal fees relating to intellectual property and corporate matters; professional fees for accounting, auditing, tax and consulting services; insurance costs; travel expenses; and office facility-related expenses, which include direct depreciation costs.

We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future as we increase our personnel headcount to support increased research and development activities. We have also incurred and expect to continue to incur increased expenses associated with being a public company, including costs of accounting, audit, legal, regulatory and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with Nasdaq and SEC requirements; director and officer insurance costs; and investor and public relations costs.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including our discovery efforts, and the development of our product candidates, and include:

We expense research and development costs as incurred.

We typically use our employee and infrastructure resources across our development programs. We track outsourced development costs by product candidate or development program, but we do not allocate personnel costs, license payments made under our licensing arrangements or other internal costs to specific development programs or product candidates. These costs are included in other research and development expenses in the table below.

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses:

Research and development activities are central to our business model. We expect that our research and development expenses will continue to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we initiate additional preclinical and clinical trials of our existing product candidates and continue to discover and develop additional product candidates.

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We cannot determine with certainty the duration and costs of future clinical trials of our product candidates or any other product candidate we may develop or if, when, or to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. We may never succeed in obtaining marketing approval for any product candidate. The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials and development of our existing product candidates or any other product candidate we may develop will depend on a variety of factors, including:

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of a product candidate could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. For example, if the FDA or another U.S. or foreign regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development of a product candidate, or if we experience significant delays in our clinical trials due to patient enrollment or other reasons, we would be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development.

Other non-operating income (expense)

Other non-operating income (expense) includes the following:

Foreign currency (loss) gain

Our condensed consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, which is our reporting currency. The financial position and results of operations of our subsidiaries MeiraGTx UK II and MeiraGTx B.V. are measured using the foreign subsidiaries’ local currency as the functional currency. MeiraGTx UK II cash accounts holding U.S. dollars are remeasured based upon the exchange rate at the date of remeasurement with the resulting gain or loss included in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Expenses of such subsidiaries have been translated into U.S. dollars at average exchange rates prevailing during the period. Assets and liabilities have been translated at the rates of exchange on the condensed consolidated balance sheet date. The resulting translation gain and loss adjustments are recorded directly as a separate component of shareholders’ equity and as other comprehensive loss on the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Change in fair value of warrant liability

We have determined that our warrants are classified as liabilities on our balance sheet because the Preferred Shares underlying the warrants have a redemption feature in the event of a change of control of the Company. The fair values of the warrants are estimated using the Black-Scholes valuation model with certain assumptions regarding risk free interest rate, expected volatility, expected divided yield and expected life. The Black-Scholes value of the warrants was recorded as a warrant liability and is remeasured quarterly. Any changes in the quarterly valuation of the warrants is charged to operations.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgements and Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgements that affect the reporting amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our condensed consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgements, including those related to warrant liabilities, share-based compensation and accrued expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgements about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from our sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions.

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Critical accounting policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017 included in the Company’s Prospectus and Note 2 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The Company has adopted the new accounting pronouncements which are disclosed further in Note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 of the notes to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a summary of recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $6.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $2.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase of $4.2 million was primarily due to increases of $1.7 million in payroll, $1.8 million in share-based compensation, $0.7 million in legal and accounting fees, $0.2 million in investor relations costs and $0.3 million in insurance costs, which was partially offset by decreases of $0.4 million in rent and $0.1 million in depreciation expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 were $8.1 million, compared to $6.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase of $1.7 million was primarily due to an increase in costs of $2.1 million related to preparation of our manufacturing facility for production, $0.6 million in share-based compensation and $0.2 million in legal fees, which was partially offset by a decrease of $1.2 million in clinical trial material costs.

Foreign Currency (Loss) Gain

Foreign currency loss was $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to a gain of $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase of $1.1 million was primarily due to a strengthening U.S. dollar against the pound sterling during the three months ended September 30, 2018.

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Comparison of Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $35.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $6.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase of $28.4 million was primarily due to increases of $15.2 million in payroll, $12.2 million in share-based compensation, $0.2 million in consultant costs, $1.0 million in legal and accounting fees, $0.2 million in travel expenses, $0.4 million in insurance costs, $0.3 million in investor relations costs and $0.3 million in other costs, which was partially offset by decreases of $1.1 million in rent and $0.3 million in depreciation expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were $22.8 million, compared to $16.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase of $6.2 million was primarily due to an increase in costs of $6.0 million related to preparation of our manufacturing facility for production, $1.2 million in share-based compensation, $0.2 million in rent, $0.2 million in license fees, $0.2 million in payroll and related fees, $0.2 million in travel costs, $0.2 million in legal fees and $0.3 million in other costs, which was partially offset by a decrease of $2.3 million in clinical trial material costs.

Foreign Currency (Loss) Gain

Foreign currency loss was $2.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to a gain of $1.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase of $3.4 million was primarily due to a strengthening U.S. dollar against the pound sterling during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability

The change in fair value of the warrant liability for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was due to the revaluation of warrants, which were issued to certain investors in September and November 2017. On June 5, 2018, the warrants were exercised at which time the warrant liability was determined to be $4,194,408, which represented the difference in the market value of the Preferred Shares and the exercise price of the warrants. As a result of the revaluation, there was an increase of $1.5 million in the fair market value of the warrant liability at September 30, 2018, which resulted in a gain being recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. We have not generated positive cash flows from operations, and there are no assurances that we will be successful in obtaining an adequate level of financing for the development and commercialization of our product candidates. We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as we advance the preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates. We expect that our research and development and general and administrative costs will increase in connection with conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates, building out internal capacity to have product manufactured to support preclinical studies and clinical trials, expanding our intellectual property portfolio, and providing general and administrative support for our operations. As a result, we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may obtain from additional equity or debt financings, collaborations, licensing arrangements, or other sources.

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We are required to maintain a stand-by letter of credit as a security deposit under a certain lease with ARE, an entity that is under common control with an entity that is a minority shareholder of the Company and whose CEO is on our board of directors. Our bank requires us to maintain restricted cash balances to serve as collateral for the letter of credit issued to the landlord by the bank. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the restricted cash balances for the ARE lease was invested in a commercial money market account. The restricted cash balance for the ARE lease remains at $123,376 through the end of the lease term in December 2021, plus three months. We had $123,376 of restricted cash included in long-term assets as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. We do not currently have any approved products and have never generated any revenue from product sales. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of our Ordinary Shares and Preferred Shares. On June 7, 2018, upon effectiveness of our registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-224914), as amended, filed in connection with our IPO (the “Registration Statement”), all of the 11,501,432 outstanding Preferred Shares were automatically converted into 11,501,432 Ordinary Shares.

Cash Flows

As of September 30, 2018, we had $88.6 million of cash and cash equivalents.

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for the periods presented:

Operating Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, our cash used in operating activities of $47.4 million was primarily due to our net loss of $61.8 million as we incurred expenses associated with research activities on our clinical programs and research activities for our other product candidates and incurred general and administrative expenses. The loss included non-cash charges of $21.0 million, which consisted of $15.6 million of share-based compensation, depreciation of $1.5 million, foreign currency loss of $2.4 million and a change in the fair value of a warrant liability of $1.5 million. Additionally, operating assets, consisting of prepaid expenses, security deposits and other current assets, increased by $0.1 million and operating liabilities, consisting of accounts payable, accrued expenses and due to affiliate decreased by $6.7 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, our cash used in operating activities of $14.3 million was primarily due to our net loss of $22.4 million as we incurred expenses associated with research activities on our clinical programs and research activities for our other product candidates and incurred general and administrative expenses. The loss included non-cash charges of $1.6 million, which consisted of $2.0 million of share-based compensation, depreciation of $0.6 million, which was partially offset by a foreign currency gain of $1.0 million. Additionally, operating assets, consisting of prepaid expenses and other current assets increased by $1.2 million, and operating liabilities, consisting of accounts payable, accrued expenses, deferred rent and due to Kadmon, increased by $7.7 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 of $2.4 million consisted of purchases of property and equipment, primarily for our manufacturing facility.

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 of $8.4 million consisted of purchases of property and equipment, primarily for our manufacturing facility.

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Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $130.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, which consisted of net proceeds of $65.6 million from the issuance of Ordinary Shares in connection with our initial public offering, $56.2 million from the issuance of Preferred Shares, $9.7 million from the exercise of warrants, which was partially offset by the payment of a note in the amount of $1.4 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $10.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, which represented proceeds from the issuance of our Preferred Shares of $7.7 million and the issuance of a note payable of $2.5 million.

Funding Requirements

Our operating expenses have increased substantially in 2017 and 2018 and are expected to increase substantially in the future in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our clinical activities including scale-up of manufacturing processes and additional clinical trials. In addition, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

Specifically, our expenses will increase as we:

Based on our current cash and cash equivalents, we estimate that such funds will be sufficient to enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the second quarter of 2020. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of gene therapies, it is difficult to estimate with certainty the amount of our working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Until such time, if ever, that we can generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaboration agreements, other third-party funding, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and marketing and distribution arrangements.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a holder of Ordinary Shares. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If

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we raise additional funds through other third-party funding, collaboration agreements, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements or marketing and distribution arrangements, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market products or product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Other than the repayment of the notes payable at December 31, 2017, there were no material changes in our commitments during the three months ended September 30, 2018 under contractual obligations as disclosed in our Prospectus outside the course of normal business.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any off-balance sheet arrangements under applicable SEC rules and do not have any holdings in variable interest entities.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, permits an “emerging growth company,” which we are, to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of this extended transition period.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily include foreign currency exchange rate sensitivities. However, relative to foreign currency exposures as of September 30, 2018, a 10% unfavorable movement in foreign currency exchange rates would not expose us to a significant increase in net loss. We had cash and cash equivalents of $88.6 million as of September 30, 2018, which consist of non-interest-bearing bank deposits. Other than accounts payable and accrued expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business, we had no other debt outstanding as of September  30, 2018.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Limitations on effectiveness of controls and procedures

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of September 30, 2018.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended September 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

We are not subject to any material legal proceedings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks described below, together with the other information included or incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock could decline. Other events that we do not currently anticipate or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We have incurred significant losses since inception and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future, and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

We are a clinical stage company with limited operating history. We were formed and began operations in 2015. We have never been profitable and do not expect to be profitable in the foreseeable future. We have incurred net losses since inception, including net losses of approximately $61.8 million and $22.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of September 30, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $127.2 million. Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to developing our technology platform, establishing our viral vector manufacturing facility and developing manufacturing processes, advancing the product candidates in our ophthalmology, salivary gland and neurodegenerative disease programs, building our intellectual property portfolio, organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully complete a clinical program, including large-scale, pivotal clinical trials, obtain marketing approval, manufacture product at a commercial scale, or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Typically, it takes about six to ten years to develop a new drug from the time it enters Phase 1 clinical trials to when it is approved for treating patients, but in many cases, it may take longer. Consequently, predictions about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history or a history of successfully developing and commercializing genetic medicine products.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and additional operating losses for the foreseeable future as we seek to advance product candidates through preclinical and clinical development, expand our research and development activities, develop new product candidates, complete clinical trials, seek regulatory approval and, if we receive regulatory approval, commercialize our products. Furthermore, the costs of advancing product candidates into each succeeding clinical phase tend to increase substantially over time. The total costs to advance any of our product candidates to marketing approval in even a single jurisdiction would be substantial. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with gene therapy product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to begin generating revenue from the commercialization of products or achieve or maintain profitability. Our expenses will also increase substantially as we operate as a public company and add clinical, scientific, operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development and planned future commercialization efforts, as well as to support our transition to a public reporting company.

Before we generate any revenue from product sales, each of our programs and product candidates will require additional preclinical and/or clinical development, potential regulatory approval in multiple jurisdictions, manufacturing, building of a commercial organization, substantial investment and significant marketing efforts. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, European Medicines Agency, or EMA, or other regulatory authorities to perform preclinical studies and clinical trials in addition to those that we currently anticipate. These risks are further described under “—Risks Related to Discovery, Development, Clinical Testing, Manufacturing and Regulatory Approval” and “—Risks Related to Commercialization.” As a result, we expect to continue to incur net losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future. These net losses and negative cash flows have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our shareholders’ equity and working capital.

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As we continue to build our business, we expect our financial condition and operating results may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, you should not rely upon the results of any particular quarterly or annual period as indications of future operating performance. If we are unable to develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates either alone or with collaborators, or if revenues from any product candidate that receives marketing approval are insufficient, we will not achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability. If we are unable to achieve and then maintain profitability, the value of our equity securities will be adversely affected.

We will require additional capital to fund our operations, which may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

We expect to spend substantial amounts to complete the development of, seek regulatory approvals for and commercialize our product candidates. We will require additional capital beyond the proceeds of our IPO, which we may raise through equity offerings, debt financings, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements or other sources to enable us to complete the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. Furthermore, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative effect on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy. In addition, attempting to secure additional financing may divert the time and attention of our management from day-to-day activities and harm our product candidate development efforts. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate certain of our research and development programs.

Our operations have consumed significant amounts of cash since inception. As of September 30, 2018, our cash and cash equivalents were $88.6 million. Based on our current cash and cash equivalents, we estimate that such funds will be sufficient to enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the second quarter of 2020. This estimate is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Changing circumstances could cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to spend more than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our control. Because the length of time and activities associated with successful development of our product candidates is highly uncertain, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will require for development and any approved marketing and commercialization activities. Our future funding requirements, both near and long-term, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

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We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of our product candidates or potentially discontinue operations.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common shareholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may be required to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

We are heavily dependent on the success of our most advanced product candidates, AAV-CNGB3, AAV-CNGA3, AAV-RPGR, AAV-RPE65 and AAV-AQP1, which are still in development, and if none of them receive regulatory approval or are successfully commercialized, our business may be harmed.

To date, we have invested a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in the development of AAV-CNGB3, AAV-CNGA3, AAV-RPGR, AAV-RPE65 and AAV-AQP1. Our future success and ability to generate product revenue is substantially dependent on our ability to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for and successfully commercialize these product candidates. We currently have no products that are approved for commercial sale and may never be able to develop marketable products. We expect to invest a meaningful portion of our efforts and expenditures over the next few years in AAV-CNGB3, AAV-CNGA3, AAV-RPGR, AAV-RPE65 and AAV-AQP1, which will require additional clinical development, management of clinical and manufacturing activities, regulatory approval in multiple jurisdictions, manufacturing sufficient supply, building of a commercial organization, substantial investment and significant marketing efforts before we can generate any revenues from any commercial sales. Accordingly, our business currently depends heavily on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of AAV-CNGB3, AAV-CNGA3, AAV-RPGR, AAV-RPE65 and AAV-AQP1, which may never occur. We cannot be certain that AAV-CNGB3, AAV-CNGA3, AAV-RPGR, AAV-RPE65 or AAV-AQP1 will be successful in clinical trials, receive regulatory approval or be successfully commercialized even if we receive regulatory approval. Even if we receive approval to market AAV-CNGB3, AAV-CNGA3, AAV-RPGR, AAV-RPE65 or AAV-AQP1 from the FDA, EMA or other regulatory bodies, we cannot be certain that our product candidate will be successfully commercialized, widely accepted in the marketplace or more effective than other commercially available alternatives. Additionally, the research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, sale, marketing and distribution of gene therapy products are and will remain subject to extensive and evolving regulation by the FDA, EMA and other regulatory authorities. We are not permitted to market AAV-CNGB3, AAV-CNGA3, AAV-RPGR, AAV-RPE65 or AAV-AQP1 in the United States until they receive approval of a biologics license application, or BLA, from the FDA, and we cannot market them in the European Union until we receive approval for a Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, from the EMA, or other required regulatory approval in other countries.

AAV-CNGB3, AAV-CNGA3, AAV-RPGR, AAV-RPE65 and AAV-AQP1 are our most advanced product candidates, and because some of our other product candidates are based on similar technology, if AAV-CNGB3, AAV-CNGA3, AAV-RPGR, AAV-RPE65 or AAV-AQP1 show unexpected adverse events or a lack of efficacy in the indications we intend to treat, or if we experience other regulatory or developmental issues, our development plans and business could be significantly harmed. Further, competitors may be developing products with similar technology and may experience problems with their products that could identify problems that would potentially harm our business.

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To date, we have not yet met with regulatory agencies nor determined the regulatory pathway and any potential related development costs for our recently acquired AAV-GAD gene therapy program for Parkinson’s disease, nor are we under any obligation to do so.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify additional product candidates.

Part of our strategy involves identifying novel product candidates. The process by which we identify product candidates may fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons, including those discussed in these risk factors and also:

In addition, we may choose to focus our efforts and resources on a potential product candidate that ultimately proves to be unsuccessful. As a result, we may fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities, be required to forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or other diseases that may later prove to have greater commercial potential, or relinquish valuable rights to such product candidates through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights. If we are unable to identify additional suitable product candidates for clinical development, this would adversely impact our business strategy and our financial position and share price and could potentially cause us to cease operations.

Risks Related to Discovery, Development, Clinical Testing, Manufacturing and Regulatory Approval

We intend to identify and develop product candidates based on our novel gene therapy platform, which makes it difficult to predict the time and cost of product candidate development. Very few products that utilize transduction technology have been approved in the United States or in Europe, and there have only been a limited number of clinical trials involving a gene therapy product candidate.

We have concentrated a portion of our research and development efforts on our gene therapy platform, which uses both transduction and gene regulation technology. Our future success depends on the successful development of these novel therapeutic approaches. To date, very few products that utilize gene transfer have been approved in the United States or Europe. There have been a limited number of clinical trials of gene transduction technologies, with only one product candidate ever approved by the FDA.

Our gene therapy platform is based on a suite of viral vectors which we can deploy with gene therapy constructs, which relies on the ability of AAV to efficiently transmit a therapeutic gene to certain kinds of cells. The mechanism of action by which these vectors target particular tissues is still not completely understood. Therefore, it is difficult for us to determine that our vectors will be able to properly deliver gene transfer constructs to enough tissue cells to reach therapeutic levels. We cannot be certain that our viral vectors will be able to meet safety and efficacy levels needed to be therapeutic in humans or that they will not cause significant adverse events or toxicities. Furthermore, recent work conducted by a third party in non-human primates suggests that intravenous delivery of certain AAV vectors at very high doses may result in severe toxicity. The indications that we target do not use IV administration for viral vector delivery and do not use doses as high as those tested in these publications, and to date we have not observed the severe toxicities described in these publications with the naturally occurring AAV vectors that we use. However, we cannot be certain that we will be able to avoid triggering toxicities in our future preclinical studies or clinical trials. Any such results could impact our ability to develop a product candidate. As a result of these factors, it is more difficult for us to predict the time and cost of product candidate development, and we cannot predict whether the application of our gene therapy platform, or any similar or competitive gene therapy platforms, will result in the identification, development, and regulatory approval of any product candidates, or that other gene therapy technologies will not be considered better or more attractive. There can be no assurance that any development problems we experience in the future related to our gene therapy platform or any of our research programs will not cause significant delays or unanticipated costs, or that such development problems can be solved. We may also experience delays and challenges in utilizing our manufacturing facility and achieving sustainable, reproducible, and scalable production. Any of these factors may prevent us from completing our preclinical studies or clinical trials or commercializing any product candidates we may develop on a timely or profitable basis, if at all.

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In addition, because our gene regulation technology is still in the research stage, we have not yet been able to assess safety in humans, and there may be long-term effects from treatment that we cannot predict at this time. Also, animal models may not exist for some of the diseases we expect to pursue.

Because gene therapy is novel and the regulatory landscape that governs any product candidates we may develop is uncertain and may change, we cannot predict the time and cost of obtaining regulatory approval, if we receive it at all, for any product candidates we may develop.

The regulatory requirements that will govern any novel gene therapy product candidates we develop are not entirely clear and may change. Within the broader genetic medicine field, very few therapeutic products have received marketing authorization from the EMA and FDA. Even with respect to more established products that fit into the categories of gene therapies or cell therapies, the regulatory landscape is still developing. Regulatory requirements governing gene therapy products and cell therapy products have changed frequently and will likely continue to change in the future. Moreover, there is substantial, and sometimes uncoordinated, overlap in those responsible for regulation of existing gene therapy products and cell therapy products. For example, in the United States, the FDA has established the Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies within its Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, or CBER, to consolidate the review of gene therapy and related products, and the Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee to advise CBER on its review. Gene therapy clinical trials are also subject to review and oversight by an institutional biosafety committee, or IBC, a local institutional committee that reviews and oversees basic and clinical research conducted at the institution participating in the clinical trial. Gene therapy clinical trials conducted at institutions that receive funding for recombinant DNA research from the United States National Institutes of Health, or the NIH, are also subject to review by the NIH Office of Biotechnology Activities’ Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee. [Should we include update per recent regulatory guidance from July 2018?] Although the FDA decides whether individual gene therapy protocols may proceed, the review process and determinations of other reviewing bodies can impede or delay the initiation of a clinical trial, even if the FDA has reviewed the trial and approved its initiation. The same applies in the European Union. The EMA’s Committee for Advanced Therapies, or CAT, is responsible for assessing the quality, safety, and efficacy of advanced-therapy medicinal products. Advanced-therapy medicinal products include gene therapy medicines, somatic-cell therapy medicines and tissue-engineered medicines. The role of the CAT is to prepare a draft opinion on an application for marketing authorization for a gene therapy medicinal candidate that is submitted to the EMA. In the European Union, the development and evaluation of a gene therapy product must be considered in the context of the relevant EU guidelines. The EMA may issue new guidelines concerning the development and marketing authorization for gene therapy products and require that we comply with these new guidelines. As a result, the procedures and standards applied to gene therapy products and cell therapy products may be applied to any gene therapy product candidate we may develop, but that remains uncertain at this point.

Adverse developments in preclinical studies or clinical trials conducted by others in the field of gene therapy and gene regulation products may cause the FDA, the EMA, and other regulatory bodies to revise the requirements for approval of any product candidates we may develop or limit the use of products utilizing gene regulation technologies, either of which could harm our business. In addition, the clinical trial requirements of the FDA, the EMA, and other regulatory authorities and the criteria these regulators use to determine the safety and efficacy of a product candidate vary substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty, and intended use and market of the potential products. The regulatory approval process for product candidates such as ours can be more expensive and take longer than for other, better known, or more extensively studied pharmaceutical or other product candidates. Further, as we are developing novel treatments for diseases in which there is little clinical experience with new endpoints and methodologies, there is heightened risk that the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory bodies may not consider the clinical trial endpoints to provide clinically meaningful results, and the resulting clinical data and results may be more difficult to analyze. The prospectively designed natural history studies with the same endpoints as our corresponding clinical trials may not be accepted by the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities. Regulatory agencies administering existing or future regulations or legislation may not allow production and marketing of products utilizing gene regulation technology in a timely manner or under technically or commercially feasible conditions. In addition, regulatory action or private litigation could result in expenses, delays, or other impediments to our research programs or the commercialization of resulting products.

The regulatory review committees and advisory groups described above and the new guidelines they promulgate may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional preclinical studies or clinical trials, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of these treatment candidates, or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions. As we advance our research programs and develop future product candidates, we will be required to consult with these regulatory and advisory groups and to comply with applicable guidelines. If we fail to do so, we may be required to delay or discontinue development of any product candidates we identify and develop.

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Clinical trials are expensive, time-consuming, difficult to design and implement, and involve an uncertain outcome. Further, we may encounter substantial delays in our clinical trials.

The clinical trials and manufacturing of our product candidates are, and the manufacturing and marketing of our products, if approved, will be, subject to extensive and rigorous review and regulation by numerous government authorities in the United States and in other countries where we intend to test and market our product candidates. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any of our product candidates, we must demonstrate through lengthy, complex and expensive preclinical testing and clinical trials that our product candidates are both safe and effective for use in each target indication. In particular, because our product candidates are subject to regulation as biological drug products, we will need to demonstrate that they are safe, pure, and potent for use in their target indications. Each product candidate must demonstrate an adequate risk versus benefit profile in its intended patient population and for its intended use.

Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and subject to uncertainty. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. Even if our future clinical trials are completed as planned, we cannot be certain that their results will support the safety and effectiveness of our product candidates for their targeted indications. Our future clinical trial results may not be successful.

In addition, even if such trials are successfully completed, we cannot guarantee that the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities will interpret the results as we do, and more trials could be required before we submit our product candidates for approval. To the extent that the results of the trials are not satisfactory to the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities for support of a marketing application, we may be required to expend significant resources, which may not be available to us, to conduct additional trials in support of potential approval of our product candidates.

To date, we have not completed any clinical trials required for the approval of our product candidates. Although we have already begun Phase 1/2 clinical trials, we may experience delays in conducting any clinical trials and we do not know whether our clinical trials will begin on time, need to be redesigned, recruit and enroll patients on time or be completed on schedule, or at all. Events that may prevent successful or timely completion of clinical development include:

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We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize our product candidates or significantly increase the cost of such trials, including: